®Planning history
BetaPlanning applications in Cheltenham
From the council’s own planning register, read in full from 2006. One of the councils’ registers on one map in Town Planner Pro.
Town Planner Pro holds 40,033 planning applications from the planning register of Cheltenham, read in full from 2006 to 6 November 2026. Of the 28,879 approved or refused, 93% were approved. In the last twelve months 1,137 were approved or refused, 96% approved. Figures as at 11 November 2026; the register was last read on 9 November 2026.
40,033
applications held
93%
of those approved or refused, approved
1,137
approved or refused in the last 12 months, 96% approved
230
pending on the register
By year
By the year the council validated each application (received, where no date of validation is given). % approved is of those approved or refused.
| Year | Applications | Approved | Refused | Withdrawn | % approved |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2026 to date | 1,535 | 773 | 29 | 57 | 96% |
| 2025 | 1,816 | 1,191 | 53 | 78 | 96% |
| 2024 | 1,924 | 1,268 | 74 | 79 | 94% |
| 2023 | 1,857 | 1,261 | 86 | 88 | 94% |
| 2022 | 1,944 | 1,336 | 89 | 98 | 94% |
| 2021 | 2,485 | 1,803 | 65 | 89 | 97% |
| 2020 | 1,945 | 1,419 | 57 | 61 | 96% |
| 2019 | 2,093 | 1,531 | 40 | 72 | 97% |
| 2018 | 2,155 | 1,470 | 80 | 76 | 95% |
| 2017 | 2,284 | 1,634 | 53 | 72 | 97% |
| 2016 | 2,176 | 1,471 | 89 | 88 | 94% |
| 2015 | 2,073 | 1,402 | 79 | 91 | 95% |
| 2014 | 2,021 | 1,373 | 87 | 74 | 94% |
| 2013 | 1,846 | 1,255 | 74 | 75 | 94% |
| 2012 | 1,849 | 1,280 | 70 | 57 | 95% |
| 2011 | 1,661 | 1,047 | 80 | 66 | 93% |
| 2010 | 1,622 | 1,061 | 118 | 58 | 90% |
| 2009 | 1,405 | 930 | 110 | 80 | 89% |
| 2008 | 1,574 | 954 | 181 | 119 | 84% |
| 2007 | 1,667 | 1,107 | 165 | 123 | 87% |
| 2006 | 1,822 | 1,247 | 189 | 107 | 87% |
91% of the applications held are on the map, placed by the council’s own point or red line, the property, or the postcode. Outcomes are the register’s; an application whose outcome is not yet read counts in none of the three.
The appeals decided here are in the appeal record for Cheltenham Borough Council.
Newest applications in Cheltenham
The 40 most recently validated, newest first.
- Not requiredvalid 6 November 202626/01777/CACN
Chestnut House Bayshill Lane Bayshill Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
T355 Sorbus. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 6 November 202626/01752/CACN
Sandford House 44 Sandford Mill Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 7QS
G1 - Mixed trees front: reduce overhang back on RHS of drive (park trees), cutting to boundary G2 - Mixed trees rear: reduce overhang back on RHS of drive (park trees), cutting to boundary G3 - Cherry group: reduce group by 2-2.5m and shape. One Cherry to fell as it has a heavy lean and is hollow at the base (has bracket fungus).
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 6 November 202626/01763/CACN
Kenelm Lodge 78 Shurdington Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 0JH
Front garden - T.1 - Silver birch in front garden - reduce crown by 2.5m and shape T.2 - Liquidambar - reduce crown by 0.5m, T.3 - Acer davidii - reduce new growth (30cm) and shape, T.4 - Cherry - crown clean, deadwood removal, rear garden, T.5 - Rowan - reduce crown by 0.5m and shape, clean crown.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01634/CONDIT
First Floor Hanover House Montpellier Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1SD
Variation of condition 2 (approved plans) of planning permission ref. 24/00387/FUL; to make changes to the internal layout of the approved flats.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01669/LBC
First Floor Hanover House Montpellier Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1SD
Alterations to the internal layout of the approved flats as part of application ref. 24/00387/LBC.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01725/FUL
45 Church Street Charlton Kings Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 8AT
Erection of a single-storey extension, insertion of rooflights and replacement windows, with internal alterations.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01767/CACN
8 Cudnall Street Charlton Kings Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 8HT
T1 Small Silver Birch - Remove to ground level. T2 Ivy-clad Prunus - Remove to ground level. T3 Alder (far end) - Remove. G1 Mixed row of Birch/Field Maple/Alder - Reduce Silver Birch by approx. 3m, and shape. Reduce Field Maples to old pollard points. Reduce 1 x Alder by 2.5m, and shape. T4 Large Tulip Tree - Reduce by 2.5m, and shape. T5 Holly - Reduce height by approx. 3-3.5m and prune hard to reshape. S1 Box tree - Remove, and grind stump. T7 Large Conifer - (RHS) Remove to ground level. T8 Elderberry - Remove to ground level. G2 Laurel group (end of garden) - Remove. T9 Corkscrew Willow (by stream) - Remove to ground level. G3 Hazel - Reduce client's side, leaving neighbour's side higher. T10 Large Conifer (RHS) - Remove to ground level. T11 Silver Birch nearest fence - Remove. T12 Yew behind holly affecting growth of Amelanchier - Remove to ground level. T13 Black Locust (Gleditsia) in neighbour's garden beyond river - cut back to allow light to veg plot.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01770/CACN
Franklin 282 London Road Charlton Kings Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 6YF
To fell to ground level and remove Conifer tree in rear garden. Conifer is badly formed and leaning over neighbours garden. Large cavity approx 10 in main stem.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01771/DISCON
53 Montpellier Terrace Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1UX
Discharge of conditions 3 (design details) and 4 (external facing and roofing materials) of listed building consent 24/01001/LBC.
The council’s page - No outcome on the registervalid 6 November 202626/01778/CACN
7 Hatherley Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 6EB
Five day notice to fell a birch tree.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01765/LBC
Hanover House Montpellier Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Erection of 5no. non-illuminated restaurant signs on building replacing previous (retrospective).
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 6 November 202626/01765/ADV
Hanover House Montpellier Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Installation of 5no. non-illuminated restaurant logo signs to replace previous (retrospective).
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 5 November 202626/01731/CLPUD
25 Drayton Close Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 9QB
Vehicular access and hardstanding.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 5 November 202626/01764/DISCON
21 Keynsham Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 6EJ
Discharge of Condition 16 (external facing brickwork) of planning permission 24/01392/CONDIT.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01749/CACN
Suffolk Mews Suffolk Square Cheltenham Gloucestershire
T1 Horse Chestnut - crown height and spread reduction of a maximum 1.5m all over to retain in compact form. Crown lift up to 5m to negate conflict with delivery and refuse vehicles. Cutting back to strong secondary growth, shape and balance, leaving a flowing branch line.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01755/FUL
Clent Court Cranham Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Roof alterations to apartment building comprising the erection of a hipped shallow-pitched roof over the existing flat roof.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01647/CACN
1 Lansdown Terrace Malvern Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2JT
3x Liquidambar. Reduce by 25-33% (roughly 4m from height)
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01744/FUL
37 - 39 Winchcombe Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 2LZ
Installation of a new window at first-floor of commercial office accommodation.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01750/CACN
15 Sarah Siddons Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2LW
T1 Crab Apple - crown reduction works specification to include a height reduction of 2.5m and spread by 1.5m, crown lift up to 2m, as indicated in red on image, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth, shape and balance, new shape indicated in red on image.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01743/CACN
Cheltenham General Hospital Sandford Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 7AN
Mature Paulownia (Tree number 56) located at Cheltenham General Hospital. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01759/CACN
83A Bath Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 7LH
Yew tree in the rear garden:- crown lift the low branches over the green house and lawn to approximately 3 meters and hedge trim the canopy to create more light in the garden.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01761/CACN
42 St Stephens Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 3AD
T1 English Yew - Trimming to main lower body of feature, trimming Church side back to boundary line. Continue to shape peacock on top of yew, as per last visit. T3 Paper Birch - crown height reduction of 2m and spread by 1m, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth. Shape and balance. New shape indicated in red on image, T6 Row of mixed Lime and Hornbeam pleached trees - reduce height by the removal of annual growth down to historic height, leaving a level top. Dress both side back to strong green secondary growth, maintaining privacy.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01753/CLPUD
82 Pilley Crescent Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 9ET
Hip to gable loft conversion and rear dormer window.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01758/CACN
16 Albert Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 2QX
Front garden - T.1 - Sorbus - reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.2 - Box elder - reduce crown by 1-2m and shape back to previous pruning points T.3 - Holly - reduce crown by 0.5-1m and shape back to previous pruning points T.4 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.5 - Box elder - reduce crown by 1-2m and shape back to previous pruning points T.6 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points Rear garden - T.7 - Himalayan birch - reduce crown by 1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.8 - Himalayan birch - reduce crown by 1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.9 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.10 - Norway maple (emerald queen)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.11 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points G.1 - Hawthorn x3 along rear wall line - reduce and shape by 1m back to previous pruning points Holly along rear wall line - shape/trim up back to previous pruning points T.12 - Box elder in neighbouring garden - reduce crown overhang on garden side by 2m and reduce overall crown by 1.5m and shape T.13 - Cherry - reduce crown and shape by 0.5m back to previous pruning points T.14 - Cherry - reduce crown and shape by 0.5m back to previous pruning points
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 4 November 202626/01760/CACN
Fairwinds 6 Christchurch Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2PB
T1 Cedar carry out a crown reduction of approximately 1 to 2 metres, reducing the canopy back to previous pruning points where practicable, whilst maintaining a balanced and natural crown shape. T2 Ash: Carry out a crown thin of approximately 20%, selectively removing branches throughout the canopy to reduce crown density whilst maintaining the tree's natural shape and overall dimensions. All tree works to be carried out in accordance with BS3998:2010 Tree Work Recommendations.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 4 November 202626/01756/DISCON
26 Pilford Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 9AQ
Discharge of condition 4 (part i. contaminated land report) and condition 5 (drainage) of planning permission ref. 25/01232/FUL.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01741/CLEUD
Third Floor Flat 89 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1DU
Existing residential flat.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01745/FUL
42 Ryeworth Road Charlton Kings Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 6LH
Erection of a single-storey, detached timber garden room within the front garden.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01740/FUL
89 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1DU
Alterations to the first and second floor accommodation to provide 2no. self-contained flats.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01729/CACN
Ladies College Swimming Pool Malvern Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Main Playing Field, Malvern Road. T43 Maple. Fell to near ground level. T69 Horse Chestnut. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01742/DISCON
11 Ashford Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Discharge of condition 3 (joinery finish) and condition 4 (damp proofing) of granted permission 25/01911/LBC
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01721/FUL
Snappy Snaps 210 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3HF
Conversion of upper floors to a HMO.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 3 November 202626/01738/CACN
Elizabeth House Parabola Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3AH
T202 dead Cherry. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01737/CACN
St Austins House Parabola Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3AJ
T215 Maple. Fell to near ground level. T224 Prunus. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Not requiredvalid 3 November 202626/01736/CACN
Southbrook 51 The Park Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2SD
T1 Lawson Cypress - Sympathetic crown lift off building and roof, as indicated in red on image. T4 Beech - Crown Reduction Works- Specification to include a height reduction of 2m and spread by 3m, top and garden side only as jointly owned tree, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth. Shape and balance.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 3 November 202626/01721/LBC
Snappy Snaps 210 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3HF
Conversion of upper floors to a HMO, along with associated internal alerations
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 31 October 202626/01739/FUL
5 Ferndales Close Up Hatherley Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 3XH
Partial garage conversion.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 31 October 202626/01735/CACN
71 Byron Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 7EY
T1 Silver Birch - remove.
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 31 October 202626/01726/ADV
Vision Express 188 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 1EP
Erection of replacement fascia and hanging signs
The council’s page - Pendingvalid 31 October 202626/01727/CLPUD
78 Netherwood Gardens Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 8LG
Partial conversion of garage, to create Utility / Cloakroom.
The council’s page
Latest decisions in Cheltenham
- Not requireddecided 6 November 202626/01777/CACN
Chestnut House Bayshill Lane Bayshill Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
T355 Sorbus. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 6 November 202626/01752/CACN
Sandford House 44 Sandford Mill Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 7QS
G1 - Mixed trees front: reduce overhang back on RHS of drive (park trees), cutting to boundary G2 - Mixed trees rear: reduce overhang back on RHS of drive (park trees), cutting to boundary G3 - Cherry group: reduce group by 2-2.5m and shape. One Cherry to fell as it has a heavy lean and is hollow at the base (has bracket fungus).
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 6 November 202626/01763/CACN
Kenelm Lodge 78 Shurdington Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 0JH
Front garden - T.1 - Silver birch in front garden - reduce crown by 2.5m and shape T.2 - Liquidambar - reduce crown by 0.5m, T.3 - Acer davidii - reduce new growth (30cm) and shape, T.4 - Cherry - crown clean, deadwood removal, rear garden, T.5 - Rowan - reduce crown by 0.5m and shape, clean crown.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01366/FUL
Oakley Farm Priors Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Erection of a sales cabin with associated parking and enclosures for a period of 6 months, on land relating to reserved matters approval 23/01691/REM.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01390/LBC
Various Locations Within The Borough Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Installation of temporary fixings and fittings to listed buildings within Cheltenham town centre to support seasonal Christmas decorations, including associated making good works following removal.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01129/LBC
3 Hewlett Place Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 6DQ
Replace two completely rotted sash windows at first floor. Front and rear of property. (Retrospective).
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01557/FUL
McDonalds Restaurants Ltd Kingsditch Retail Park Kingsditch Lane Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 9PX
Refurbishment of the restaurant to include a minor extension and associated internal and external works.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01571/ADV
Taco Bell 211 High Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3HH
New fascia sign, projecting sign and window manifestations
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01394/DISCON
Fourways 55 The Burgage Prestbury Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 3DL
Discharge of condition 5 (Design details) of granted permission 23/00560/LBC.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 6 November 202626/01452/FUL
25 Hatherley Street Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2TT
First floor rear extension.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 6 November 202626/01717/CACN
Sidney Lodge Overton Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3BJ
Sidney Lodge T173 Horse Chestnut. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 5 November 202626/01573/CACN
Cranley Wellington Square Cheltenham Gloucestershire
1. Willow. Pollard at 3m. 2. Remainder of trees to side of property, reduce by around 2m. 3. Pyracantha in small garden. Remove.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 5 November 202626/01526/DISCON
Phase 2 Land At Old Gloucester Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Discharge of condition 13 (Site Waste Management Plan) of planning permission ref. 24/00449/FUL.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 5 November 202626/01738/CACN
Elizabeth House Parabola Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 3AH
T202 dead Cherry. Fell to near ground level.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 5 November 202626/01472/FUL
5 Durham Close Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 3DF
Single storey rear extension (Retrospective).
The council’s page - Approveddecided 5 November 202626/01542/FUL
11 Larchmere Grove Up Hatherley Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 3NS
Single storey side and rear extension.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 5 November 202626/01061/FUL
19 Leckhampton Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 0AZ
Demolition of existing rear extensions and erection of a two-storey and single-storey rear extension.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01749/CACN
Suffolk Mews Suffolk Square Cheltenham Gloucestershire
T1 Horse Chestnut - crown height and spread reduction of a maximum 1.5m all over to retain in compact form. Crown lift up to 5m to negate conflict with delivery and refuse vehicles. Cutting back to strong secondary growth, shape and balance, leaving a flowing branch line.
The council’s page - Approveddecided 4 November 202626/01435/FUL
Sedum House Eldorado Crescent Cheltenham Gloucestershire
Proposed replacement flat roof and new rainwater drainage arrangements.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01736/CACN
Southbrook 51 The Park Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2SD
T1 Lawson Cypress - Sympathetic crown lift off building and roof, as indicated in red on image. T4 Beech - Crown Reduction Works- Specification to include a height reduction of 2m and spread by 3m, top and garden side only as jointly owned tree, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth. Shape and balance.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01750/CACN
15 Sarah Siddons Walk Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2LW
T1 Crab Apple - crown reduction works specification to include a height reduction of 2.5m and spread by 1.5m, crown lift up to 2m, as indicated in red on image, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth, shape and balance, new shape indicated in red on image.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01759/CACN
83A Bath Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL53 7LH
Yew tree in the rear garden:- crown lift the low branches over the green house and lawn to approximately 3 meters and hedge trim the canopy to create more light in the garden.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01761/CACN
42 St Stephens Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL51 3AD
T1 English Yew - Trimming to main lower body of feature, trimming Church side back to boundary line. Continue to shape peacock on top of yew, as per last visit. T3 Paper Birch - crown height reduction of 2m and spread by 1m, cutting back to strong suitable secondary growth. Shape and balance. New shape indicated in red on image, T6 Row of mixed Lime and Hornbeam pleached trees - reduce height by the removal of annual growth down to historic height, leaving a level top. Dress both side back to strong green secondary growth, maintaining privacy.
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01758/CACN
16 Albert Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL52 2QX
Front garden - T.1 - Sorbus - reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.2 - Box elder - reduce crown by 1-2m and shape back to previous pruning points T.3 - Holly - reduce crown by 0.5-1m and shape back to previous pruning points T.4 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.5 - Box elder - reduce crown by 1-2m and shape back to previous pruning points T.6 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points Rear garden - T.7 - Himalayan birch - reduce crown by 1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.8 - Himalayan birch - reduce crown by 1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.9 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.10 - Norway maple (emerald queen)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points T.11 - Norway maple (crimson king)- reduce crown by 1-1.5m and shape back to previous pruning points G.1 - Hawthorn x3 along rear wall line - reduce and shape by 1m back to previous pruning points Holly along rear wall line - shape/trim up back to previous pruning points T.12 - Box elder in neighbouring garden - reduce crown overhang on garden side by 2m and reduce overall crown by 1.5m and shape T.13 - Cherry - reduce crown and shape by 0.5m back to previous pruning points T.14 - Cherry - reduce crown and shape by 0.5m back to previous pruning points
The council’s page - Not requireddecided 4 November 202626/01760/CACN
Fairwinds 6 Christchurch Road Cheltenham Gloucestershire GL50 2PB
T1 Cedar carry out a crown reduction of approximately 1 to 2 metres, reducing the canopy back to previous pruning points where practicable, whilst maintaining a balanced and natural crown shape. T2 Ash: Carry out a crown thin of approximately 20%, selectively removing branches throughout the canopy to reduce crown density whilst maintaining the tree's natural shape and overall dimensions. All tree works to be carried out in accordance with BS3998:2010 Tree Work Recommendations.
The council’s page
From the planning register of Cheltenham, read by Town Planner Pro. Descriptions are the council’s own words; some registers cut them short in their lists. No applicant’s or agent’s details are kept, and a personal name within a description is shown as [name]. The council’s register is the record: check its own page before relying on an entry. This page is research, not advice.