The free appeal record
Planning appeals in London Borough of Ealing, 2025
123 appeals decided in 2025, 20% of them allowed. Each links to its own page and to the Inspector’s letter. The authority’s record has the whole run since 2016.
- Dismissed31 December 2025· minor3372906120 Rydal Crescent, Perivale, Greenford, UB6 8EQ
the change of use of 120 Rydal Crescent from a dwellinghouse (Class C3 use) to a six room/six-person small house in multiple occupation (Class C4 use)
- Allowed19 December 2025· ldc3353864Flat D, 155 The Vale, Acton, London, W3 7RH
Use of first floor flat as a self-contained flat
- Dismissed16 December 2025· minor337295041 Birkbeck Road, Acton, London, W36BQ
demolition of existing garage and construction of new building of seven flats. 2 x 2 bed, 3 x 1 bed & 2 x studio units. New Refuse and cycle storage
- Dismissed12 December 2025· householder336984730 St. Marys Avenue Central, Southall, UB2 4LT
for the construction of part first floor/part two storey side extension, and extension of the hipped roof of the property, a dormer extension, a two-storey rear extension and a single storey rear extension, along with minor alterations
- Dismissed28 November 2025· minor337178837-38 The Mall , Basement Office, Ealing, London, W5 3TJ
Change of use and conversion of lower ground floor into 4 self-contained residential units; demolition of existing rear extension and construction of a separate three-storey (above lower ground) & mansard building to accommodate a further 3 self-contained residential units
- Dismissed26 November 2025· householder3374840107 Kennedy Road, London, W7 1JW
the erection of a side extension to create new ground floor habitable rooms and first floor bedrooms
- Allowed26 November 2025· householder337357431 Mandeville Road, Northolt, UB5 5HF
formation of vehicular access and creation of area of hardstanding
- Dismissed19 November 2025· ldc334549257 Hazeltree Lane, Northolt, UB5 6XA
Use of a single storey outbuilding as a self-contained flat
- Notice upheld14 November 2025· enforcement3311646Premises Known As 11 Hanger Green, Ealing, London, W5 3EL
without planning permission the construction of a raised and enclosed rear timber deck
- Notice upheld11 November 2025· enforcement3334625106 Greenford Avenue, Hanwell, London, W7 3QS
Without planning permission, the erection of grey coloured fence panels and posts to the front of the property
- Notice upheld10 November 2025· enforcement33282073 Kings Avenue, Greenford, UB6 9BZ
Without planning permission: The erection of a rear outbuilding used as a self-contained dwelling and storage
- Dismissed10 November 2025· householder33282063 Kings Avenue, Greenford, UB6 9BZ
- Notice upheld6 November 2025· enforcement3330322243 Allenby Road, Southall, UB1 2HB
without planning permission, construction of a single storey front extension
- Notice upheld4 November 2025· enforcement333250964 Northfield Avenue, London, W13 9RR
the replacement of the historical locally listed corner shop front with a contemporary style shop front with modern illuminated signage
- Notice upheld3 November 2025· enforcement3331492Premises Known As Land at and to the Rear Or 46 Lancaster Road, Southall, UB1 1NW
without planning permission, the enlargement of a single storey detached rear outbuilding and the erection of a secondary rear canopy extension
- Unknown31 October 2025· enforcement3334331154 Hillary Road, Southall, UB2 4GP
- Notice upheld31 October 2025· enforcement3334330154 Hillary Road, Southall, UB2 4GP
the erection of a rear canopy extension
- Dismissed30 October 2025· householder3373152Rookery Nook Brunner Road, London, W5 1BA
increasing height of the front fence and installing an electric sliding gate
- Dismissed30 October 2025· minor3371076Land to Rear of 52A Studley Grange Road, Hanwell, London, W7 2LX
construction of a one and a half storey dwelling house
- Allowed28 October 2025· minor336923226 Granville Gardens, Ealing, London, W5 3PA
retention of change of use of single family dwellinghouse to a large House in Multiple Occupation (HMO) comprising 8 bedrooms for up to 10 persons (sui generis)
- Dismissed27 October 2025· minor3370642Cecilia House, 16-17 Hanger Lane, Ealing, London, W5 3HH
extension to existing 31 co-living rooms, to provide additional 16 co- living rooms to provide total of 47 co-living rooms with associated support accommodation
- Dismissed17 October 2025· householder337095713 Palm Grove, Ealing, , W5 4AF
the erection of a hip to gable extension, flat roof rear dormer and ridgeline increase by 300mm
- Dismissed17 October 2025· householder33690797 Niagara Avenue, Ealing, London, W5 4UD
retrospective erection of a side boundary wall in the front driveway
- Dismissed10 October 2025· minor336885111 The Broadway, Southall, UB1 1JR
‘2/3 storey rear extension which includes the loft conversion of residential part into 3 self contained flats with associated refuse and cycle stores. Note: This is a car free development.’
- Dismissed1 October 2025· householder33701123 Thorndike Avenue, Northolt, UB5 5LA
the erection of a double storey rear extension
- Dismissed1 October 2025· minor336810112a Sherbourne Gardens, West Ealing, London, W13 8AS
‘rear roof extension over rear outrigger; raising of outrigger ridgeline; incorporation of three rooflights into flat portion of roof and two rooflights into outrigger rear facing roofslope. Add another room to the first floor flat.’
- Dismissed1 October 2025· minor336804292 Rushdene Crescent, Northolt, UB5 6NH
conversion of a house into 3 no flats including proposed part single/part two-storey wrap-around side and rear extension. Loft conversion with rear dormer and installation of four rooflights to front roof slope
- Dismissed1 October 2025· minor3364493Middlesex Business Centre, Unit K10 Bridge Road, Southall, UB2 4AB
use of shipping containers as storage; installation of metal clad pitched roof over the containers; installation of fence to front and rear elevation; installation of retractable bollards and associated external alterations
- Allowed1 October 2025· ldc33472682 Oswald Road, Southall, UB1 1HW
use of a dwellinghouse as two self-contained residential units. Formal
- Dismissed30 September 2025· minor3367712Land Rear Of 1 Elm Grove Road, Ealing, London, W5 3JH
‘new build bungalow at rear of 1 Elm Grove Road, London.’
- Dismissed29 September 2025· minor336663828 Princes Gardens, London, W3 0LG
front porch and single storey infill extension to dwellinghouse
- Dismissed19 September 2025· minor336675972 Conway Crescent, , , Perivale, London, UB6 8JA
‘retrospective planning for the conversion of the property from a C3 classification single dwelling house to a C4 classification a small HMO ’
- Dismissed17 September 2025· householder336702720 Acton Lane, London, W4 5ED
creating a front driveway to allow off-street parking and EV-charging
- Allowed15 September 2025· minor3365093113 Beechmount Avenue, London, W7 3AF
the erection of a first floor rear extension to facilitate the conversion of an existing 6 unit HMO (C4) into 7 units 7 person HMO (Sui generis) together with the provision of refuse and cycle storage
- Allowed1 September 2025· householder336940914 Queen Anne's Grove, London, W4 1HN
described in the application form as “Replacement of unoriginal front fence to match original design and adjacent properties”
- Dismissed1 September 2025· householder336760840 Milton Road, Acton, London, W3 6QA
alteration of roof profile to form mansard roof; installation of two dormer windows to west elevation roofslope, Juliet balcony to south elevation roofslope, and three rooflights on flat roof and to north elevation roofslope; single storey front/side extension; front/side boundary treatment; and associated internal and external alterations
- Allowed29 August 2025· minor33639223 Westend Gardens, Northolt, UB5 6QR
the conversion of a single family dwellinghouse into two self-contained residential units; part single and part two storey rear extension; first floor side extension; rear roof extension; installation of three rooflights to front roof slope; and associated internal and external alterations
- Notice upheld29 August 2025· enforcement33253361 Oakley Avenue, London, W5 3SA
without planning permission, the material change of use of the premises to use as a Large House in Multiple Occupation (Sui Generis) with 15 bedrooms for up to 20 persons
- Dismissed27 August 2025· minor336680511 Spikes Bridge Road, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 2AS
the erection of 2 storey 2-bedroom house
- Notice upheld27 August 2025· enforcement332556712A Norman Avenue, Southall, Ealing, UB1 2AU
without planning permission, the construction of a single storey side extension for the purpose of a separate dwelling
- Notice upheld27 August 2025· enforcement332556312A Norman Avenue, Southall, Ealing, UB1 2AU
Part single storey side extension and retention of single storey detached outbuilding to be used as storage
- Dismissed26 August 2025· minor3367626204A Acton Lane, Chiswick, W4 5DL
Small balcony to rear with 1.9-metre-high privacy screen to the sides and French doors for access
- Notice varied and upheld13 August 2025· enforcement33484948 Lyon Way, Greenford, London, UB6 0BN
Material change of use of premises to a mixed use, including industrial warehouse at ground and first floor level with ancillary office space, multiple offices (Use Class E(g)(i)) at ground, first and second floor level, a place of worship at first floor level and a children's sensory therapy clinic at second floor level
- Dismissed11 August 2025· minor33653396 Longridge Lane, Southall, UB1 3JH
a single storey rear extension (no. 6) and proposed new 3 bedroom dwelling on side of no. 6
- Dismissed7 August 2025· householder336693815 Edison Drive, Southall, UB1 3JS
a single storey side extension and rear extension
- Dismissed4 August 2025· householder336337413 St. Georges Avenue, Southall, UB1 1PZ
‘Double side/rear extension and loft conversion.’
- Dismissed1 August 2025· minor33614672 Whitton Avenue East, Greenford, UB6 0PU
Redevelopment and extension of existing semi-detached houses to provide 7 residential units; construction of pair of two semi-detached houses (total of 9 residential units); and associated landscaping, cycle parking, car parking, and refuse storage (following demolition of existing annex)
- Unknown30 July 2025· enforcement3364723Land at Western End of Station Approach, Oldfield Lane North, Greenford, UB6 0AL
- Notice upheld25 July 2025· enforcement33456974 Bispham Road, London, NW10 7HB
without planning permission the erection of a rear canopy extension and erection of fencing along the rear side boundary
- Dismissed18 July 2025· minor3362576Ground Floor Flat , 269 Brunswick Road, London, W5 1AJ
front porch extension; alteration to front of property involving hard and soft landscaping; alteration to boundary wall
- Notice varied and upheld18 July 2025· enforcement33379854 Elgar Avenue, London, W5 3JU
the material change of use of the rear outbuilding and single storey side extension to the main dwelling to use as 3 separate self-contained dwellings
- Dismissed17 July 2025· minor3359866Amadeus House, 18 Corfton Road, Ealing, W5 2HT
single storey building to rear of Amadeus House, 18 Corfton Road Ealing W5 2HT, to provide staff offices, confidential space and sleep-in accommodation for overnight staff
- Dismissed16 July 2025· minor336331366 Carlyle Road, London, Ealing, W54BL
the erection of a first-floor and rear dormer extension
- Dismissed10 July 2025· minor33618899 Creswick Road, London, W3 9HG
conversion of existing outbuilding into self -contained residential bungalow; single storey side extension to existing outbuilding; creation of amenity space and driveway and associated external alterations
- Dismissed8 July 2025· minor335647724 St. Andrews Road, London, W3 7NF
construction of a 2 bedroom residential dwelling, along with associated parking, landscaping, cycle and refuse storage on a side land adjacent of 24 St Andrews Road
- Dismissed7 July 2025· householder336664012 Warwick Road, Southall, UB2 4NX
for the construction of two story side extension, part single, part two storey rear extension, rear/side roof extension; alterations to front elevation including bay windows; installation of three front rooflights
- Invalid7 July 2025· minor3358103Pavement Outside 40-42 the Broadway, Greenford, London, UB6 9PT
the installation of a modern, multifunction Hub unit featuring an integral advertisement display and defibrillator
- Notice varied and upheld4 July 2025· enforcement332980595A Westfield Road, West Ealing, London, W13 9JD
without planning permission, the erection of balustrades at second floor level to facilitate the use of the flat roof as a roof terrace
- Dismissed3 July 2025· minor3352326122 Girton Road, Northolt, UB5 4ST
the conversion of single dwelling house into three flats with alteration of roof from hip to gable end, rear roof extension; two storey side and part single, part two storey rear extension, single storey front extension; refuse and cycle storage
- Notice upheld2 July 2025· enforcement33235587 Fisher Close, Greenford, Middlesex, UB6 9UF
without planning permission the construction of a wraparound two storey side extension and part single, part two storey rear extension
- Dismissed1 July 2025· minor3360629440 Ground Floor Flat , Lady Margaret Road, Southall, UB1 2NN
single storey rear extension to commercial unit to provide office and storage space
- Dismissed25 June 2025· advert3352461Pavement Adjacent 25 New Ealing Broadway, Ealing, W5 5AW
- Dismissed25 June 2025· minor3352460Pavement Adjacent 25 New Ealing Broadway, Ealing, London, W5 5AW
the installation of a "Pulse Smart Hub" with integrated digital screens. Appeal 1B Ref: APP/A5270/H/24/3352461 Pavement Adjacent to 25 New Broadway, Ealing London W5 5AW
- Dismissed24 June 2025· minor335496422 St Andrews Road, Ealing, London, W3 7NE
‘Construction of two storey dwellinghouse with loft space accommodation; front boundary treatment; and provision of associated amenity and cycle parking.’
- Notice upheld24 June 2025· enforcement3329396Ground Floor Shop,138 Churchfield Road, London, W3 6BS
without planning permission, the material change of use of the premises to a shisha lounge (sui generis)
- Notice varied and upheld24 June 2025· enforcement33253944 Greenford Road, Greenford, Ealing, UB6 9AT
without planning permission: The erection of an outbuilding used for storage and as a showroom for the adjacent shop
- Notice upheld24 June 2025· enforcement332376264 Clarence Street, Southall, UB2 5BN
without planning permission: The erection of a first-floor rear extension
- Notice upheld19 June 2025· enforcement336163719 Neville Road , Ealing , London, W5 1NN
Without planning permission: The repainting of the front porch and all windows and surrounding detailing the front elevation of the property”
- Dismissed12 June 2025· householder336116287 Oaklands Road, Hanwell, London, W7 2DT
‘Proposed Single Storey Side/Rear Extension, First Floor Side Extension and New Outbuilding’
- Unknown12 June 2025· enforcement332169134 Eastcote Lane, Northolt, UB5 5RF
- Unknown12 June 2025· enforcement332169034 Eastcote Lane, Northolt, UB5 5RF
- Notice upheld12 June 2025· enforcement332168934 Eastcote Lane, Northolt, UB5 5RF
Without planning permission: The material change of use of outbuilding to use as a separate self-contained dwelling
- Notice upheld11 June 2025· enforcement331859791 York Road, Acton, London, W3 6TN
without planning permission, the material change of use of the property to five flats and the construction of a part single storey part two storey rear extension
- Dismissed9 June 2025· householder335466538 Lynton Road , Acton, London, W3 9HP
‘Ground Floor Side Extension behind original Garage, Ground Floor Rear raising of Terrace paving for level threshold with glazed mono -pitch roof, Roof extension to the rear with Juliet balcony’
- Notice varied and upheld6 June 2025· enforcement3319806123 Kingshill Avenue, Northolt, Middlesex, UB5 6NX
without planning permission the material change of use of the land to the rear of the main dwelling to use for separate residential purposes
- Unknown5 June 2025· enforcement3362435105 Park Avenue, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3AJ
- Unknown5 June 2025· enforcement3362434105 Park Avenue, Southall, Middlesex, UB1 3AJ
- Allowed4 June 2025· ldc334997145A Gunnersbury Avenue, Ealing, W5 4LP
the use of a former pool building as a self-contained dwellinghouse
- Dismissed2 June 2025· minor335522132 A Northfield Venue, Ealing, London, W13 9RL
Retention of the existing shop, and the extension and conversion of residential accommodation into two flat units
- Dismissed29 May 2025· minor33499181 Northfield Road, London, W13 9SY
the demolition of the existing ground floor retail shop and first -floor one-bedroom flat, and the construction of a four-storey building with a new ground-floor retail space and five residential units above
- Notice varied and upheld29 May 2025· enforcement332043712 Drew Gardens, Greenford, Middlesex, UB6 7QG
Without planning permission: The material change of use of a rear outbuilding to a separate self-contained residential unit
- Notice varied and upheld29 May 2025· enforcement3319487101 Greenland Crescent, Southall, UB2 5ES
Without planning permission: The material change of use of the rear garden outbuilding to use as a separate dwellinghouse
- Dismissed27 May 2025· minor3353935Rear Of 31 Corfton Road, Ealing, W5 2HP
the construction of a detached single storey dwelling house over basement and ground floor level
- Allowed27 May 2025· major3347877Waitrose, 2 Alexandria Road, London, W13 0NL
demolition of existing buildings and structures and the phased erection of buildings for a mixed use scheme, including new homes; a replacement food store; flexible commercial space; alterations to the existing access road; associated improvements to streets, open spaces, landscaping and public realm; and provision of car and bicycle parking spaces and servicing spaces and other works incidental to the proposed development
- Notice upheld23 May 2025· enforcement33220614 The Parade, Sudbury Heights Avenue, Greenford, Middlesex, UB6 0LZ
Without planning permission, the erection of a shed on the flat roof of a single storey rear extension (‘the Unauthorised Development’)
- Split Decision20 May 2025· householder3362426271 Greenford Avenue, London, W7 1AD
‘Proposed rear dormer, front rooflights and first floor part rear extension to dwelling house.’
- Split Decision20 May 2025· householder336188433 Cuckoo Lane, London, W7 3EY
‘A proposed dormer loft conversion over the existing rear roof.’
- Dismissed20 May 2025· householder3361700100 East Acton Lane, Acton, London, W3 7ER
a ‘rear double storey extension’
- Allowed16 May 2025· householder336109375 Currey Road, Greenford, UB6 0BG
a single storey rear extension; first floor rear extension
- Allowed16 May 2025· householder3356284130 Eastcote Avenue, Greenford, UB6 0NR
demolishing the existing sport room (storage currently) and erecting annexe house at the rear side of the garden”
- Dismissed14 May 2025· minor33563582A Churchill Gardens, London, W3 0JN
Conversion of existing garage into two storey residential dwelling; alterations to elevations and boundary, enlargement of ground floor, first floor extension.
- Allowed13 May 2025· ldc3343270107 Norwood Road, Southall, UB2 4DZ
Certificate of lawful use or development for conversion of property into three self-contained flats
- Dismissed8 May 2025· householder335509627 Whitton Drive, Greenford, UB6 0QY
the retention of single storey, part two storey, side/rear extension: alteration of roof from hip to gable end: rear roof extension and installation of two roof lights to front roofscape
- Allowed6 May 2025· householder3361965194A Norwood Road , Southall , UB2 4JT
a single storey front/side extension added to line up with existing porch
- Dismissed24 April 2025· householder3354110177 Whitton Avenue East, Ealing, Greenford, UB6 0QF
The house is semi detached - attached on one side and ally way on the other. Currently we already have a 3m extension and are looking to extend this a further 2m - bringing the overall extension from the original house to 5m. This will be a single story extension. In the new proposed extension - it is proposed to use part of the space for a new bathroom including a toilet and shower. The reason for creating a new toilet and shower space is for ease of use for the elderly living in the house
- Allowed24 April 2025· householder335197317 Windermere Rd, , UB1 2NZ
gambrel roof extension with rendered finish in keeping with the existing building
- Dismissed16 April 2025· minor33567958 Oldham Terrace, Ealing, London, W3 6LS
Construction of a single storey self-contained residential unit following the demolition of existing building
- Dismissed14 April 2025· householder335651096 Westcott Crescent, Hanwell, Ealing, London, W7 1PA
a loft conversion with rear/side dormers and conservation -type front roof windows
- Allowed11 April 2025· householder335991826 Rectory Gardens, Northolt, UB5 5DN
An outbuilding
- Dismissed7 April 2025· householder335411459 Creighton Road, Ealing, London, W5 4SH
a single-storey rear extension (max 4m deep and max 3.85m high)
- Allowed26 March 2025· householder335331567 The Park, Ealing, London, W5 5NP
the formation of vehicle crossover to St Mary’s Road, part demolition of boundary wall, to form access; installation of vehicle turntable and landscaping works
- Allowed21 March 2025· householder335453630 Islip Gardens, Northolt, Ealing, UB5 5BX
the erection of a partial side extension with mono-pitch roof to rear and installation of two roof lights; alteration of roof from hip to gable end; rear roof dormer extension and installation of three roof lights to front roof slope
- Allowed21 March 2025· householder335450258 Elm Tree Close, Northolt, Ealing, UB5 6AR
the erection a single-storey, wrap-around side and rear extension and a single-storey in-fill side extension
- Allowed20 March 2025· householder335789451 Brassie Avenue, Acton, W3 7DF
a single storey front porch extension; alterations to the front elevation involving modifications and insertion of windows; single storey, part 2 storey side extension; first floor rear extension
- Allowed7 March 2025· householder33478911 Tudor Way, Acton, Ealing, W3 9AG
for a rear single storey extension. Rebuild of the existing outbuilding as a two storey structure for use as a home office studio and workshop
- Allowed7 March 2025· householder33478871 Tudor Way, Acton, Ealing, W3 9AG
- Dismissed6 March 2025· minor3354703107 Mandeville Road, Northolt, UB5 4LX
the erection of a one-bed one person dwelling following the demolition of the existing outbuilding to the rear of 107 Mandeville Road
- Dismissed5 March 2025· householder334701418 Littlejohn Road, Hanwell, Ealing, W7 1NS
‘first floor rear extension, single storey side extension’
- Dismissed4 March 2025· commercial3350040Verge Prior to White Hart Roundabout , Church Road , Ealing , UB5 5AX
a free-standing, non-illuminated fascia advertisement
- Dismissed25 February 2025· advert3352464Pavement Adjacent 161 High Street, Acton, Ealing, W3 6LP
- Dismissed25 February 2025· minor3352463Pavement Adjacent 161 High Street, Acton, Ealing, W3 6LP
the installation of "Pulse Smart Hub" with integrated digital screens
- Allowed25 February 2025· householder334707583 Farndale Crescent, Greenfoed, UB6 9LW
a hip to gable end and 2 side dormer roof extensions to form a loft conversion
- Dismissed24 February 2025· minor3347870433-439 Uxbridge Road, Southall, UB1 3EW
construction of a four storey building comprising of commercial use at ground floor level and eight self contained residential units above
- Dismissed20 February 2025· minor335191810 Avalon Road, London, W13 0BN
conversion of premises into HMO (Home in multiple occupancy) of sui - generis use. Converting the rear garden annex into gym and storage as ancillary use of the residents to main dwelling. Single storey rear-side infill extension
- Dismissed20 February 2025· minor33513072B Harrow View Road, Ealing, London, W5 1LZ
Erection of roof extension
- Dismissed14 February 2025· minor334767289 North Road, Southall, UB1 2JN
Construction of a two-storey building with part basement level to accommodate commercial/public house space (Mixed Use Class E/Sui Generis) and 6 self -contained residential units (Use Class C3); installation of solar panels; and provision of associated amenity spaces, cycle and refuse storage (following demolition of the existing building)
- Dismissed13 February 2025· minor334839955 - 57 Bideford Avenue, London, United Kingdom, UB6 7PP
retrospective application for the retention of a first-floor extension with partially matching external materials (bricks), inclusion of a retractable canopy, retention of the external staircase for fire exit
- Allowed12 February 2025· minor3348031Darbar, 69 Hanger Lane, London, W5 1DP
change of use of restaurant (class E) to a restaurant and shisha bar (sui generis); erection of a veranda and installation of a privacy screen at first floor, and associated works
- Dismissed29 January 2025· commercial33493221-5 Bond Street, Ealing, W5 5AP
Installation of a powder-coated, fret cut, steel screen to existing granite fascia and tiles to front elevation
- Dismissed28 January 2025· minor3344256259 Acton Lane, London, W4 5DG
described in the application form as follows: “create a duplex 'Mews Style' dwellinghouse with associated amenity space and refuse and cycle stores (resubmission)”
- Notice upheld20 January 2025· enforcement332198766 Corringway, London, W5 3AD
Without planning permission, the replacement of the front door, the erection of sliding gate, front boundary wall with railings above and the laying of hardstanding in the front garden. ("the unauthorised development")
- Notice upheld17 January 2025· enforcement332668364 Corringway, London, W5 3AD
Without planning permission the laying of a hardstanding to the front garden of the property
- Notice varied and upheld6 January 2025· enforcement3349064464 Whitton Avenue, West Greenford, Greater London, UB6 0DX
described as: without planning permission: the material change of use the rear outbuilding to a self-contained residential unit
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Decisions without a recorded authority may be missing. Research, not advice: verify against the Inspectorate’s own record before relying on a decision. What is in the record.
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