The free appeal record
Planning appeals in City of Westminster Council, 2026
108 appeals decided in 2026, 35% of them allowed. Each links to its own page and to the Inspector’s letter. The authority’s record has the whole run since 2016.
- Dismissed28 October 2026· advert60123391 Bear Street, London, WC2H 7DZ
the display of a digital advertisement screen measuring 3.50m wide and 14.00m high
- Dismissed28 October 2026· householder600992025 Monmouth Road, London, W2 4UT
the erection of a new raised second floor and pitched roof; Excavation of a new lowered lower ground floor slab; Installation of replacement windows; Refurbishment of windows; Installation of new heat pumps; Erection of the new rear extensions at Lower Ground a nd Ground floor. Installation of green roof to flat roof
- Dismissed21 October 20266014604South Terrace, Third and Fourth Floor, 4 Matthew Parker Street, London, SW1H 9NP
alterations to create two terraces at third and fourth floor levels (south)
- Dismissed21 October 20266012002Flat B, 9 Durham Terrace, London, W2 5PB
a rear extension (revised scheme)
- Allowed21 October 2026601140517 Bruton Street, London, W1J 6QB
shopfront alterations without complying with conditions attached to planning permission Ref 23/08800/FULL, dated 6 June 2024
- Dismissed21 October 2026· major6008340Ionic Villa Outer Circle, Regents Park, London, NW1 4HB
Various alterations including extensions to the basement, ground and first floors on the north and south elevations and a basement extension
- Allowed20 October 2026· advert601497412 Dryden Street, London, WC2E 9NA
the display of a non-illuminated A-board measuring 1.56m x 0.65m and a non-illuminated decorative trolley measuring 0.95m x 0.56m
- Dismissed20 October 2026· advert6013735Gloucester Place, Opposite No. 16, London, W1U 8HA
described on the application form as the proposed deployment of a Street Hub 3 unit
- Allowed13 October 2026· minor6010775Lower Ground and Ground Floor, 53 Bolsover Street, London, W1W 5NG
the change of use of the lower ground and ground floor from office use under Class E(c) to residential Class C3 to form 1 x 1 bedroom unit and 1 x studio unit
- Allowed12 October 2026· advert6011165Avon House, 360-366 Oxford Street, London, W1C 1JN
the temporary display of an externally illuminated banner advertisement added to the existing scaffold, measuring 16m (width) x 4.5m (height) on the Oxford Street elevation for a 6-month period
- Dismissed12 October 2026· advert6010357Pitch 1696, Wardour Street, London, W1D 6BY
a small format digital sign (D6) set onto the north-facing end wall of the kiosk at Pitch 1696
- Allowed9 October 20266012578Belgrave House, 76 Buckingham Palace Road, London, SW1W 9TQ
refurbishment of existing building, including alteration to ground floor entrances to west elevation, introduction of louvres on the north and south elevation, revised plant at roof level and use of fifth floor terrace for amenity, including landscaping and new doors, without complying with conditions attached to planning permission Ref 24/08150/FULL, dated 16 April 2025
- Allowed8 October 2026· minor6010768First Floor, 53 Bolsover Street, London, W1W 5NG
the change of use of the lower ground and ground floor from office use under Class E(c) to residential Class C3 to form 1 x 1 bedroom unit and 1 x studio unit
- Dismissed6 October 20266011230Basement and Ground Floor, 81 Westbourne Grove, London, W2 4UL
the installation of kitchen extraction/ventilation system
- Allowed29 September 2026· householder601242521 Belgrave Gardens, London, NW8 0QY
replacement of the existing rear double-height conservatory with a brick-built predominantly glazed rear addition
- Dismissed17 September 2026337721733, Craven Road, London, UK, W2 3BX
- Allowed17 September 2026· householder601229812 Bravington Road, Westminster London, W9 3AH
Installation of uPVC sash windows
- Dismissed17 September 2026· other600505133c Craven Road, London, W2 3BX
Retrospective approval for the replacement of a previously damaged black timber panel with a new timber serving hatch on the Brook Mews North elevation at ground floor level
- Allowed14 September 2026· advert6010668103 Oxford Street, London, W1D 2HF
Temporary decorative scaffold shroud wrap showing a printed 1:1 image of the building facade with an inset advertising area on the Oxford Street frontage measuring 13.5 x 7.2 metres
- Dismissed9 September 20266011521Top Flat, 27 Alma Square,, London, NW8 9PY
Mansard roof addition to extend top floor flat
- Allowed7 September 20266007846106-110 Belgrave Road, London, SW1V 2BJ
Installation of three wall mounted condensers with an accompanying acoustic wall to 110's courtyard and one ground-level condenser contained within an acoustic housing at 106 courtyard
- Dismissed1 September 2026· advert601138720 Cockspur Street, London, SW1Y 5BL
Display of 1 advertisement measuring 8m (height) x 6m (width) set within a 1:1 façade replication for a temporary period of 9 months
- Allowed1 September 2026· advert600994352 Greek Street, London, W1D 3AW
Display of one advertisement sign (4.9m x 5.91m) within temporary scaffolding shroud, incorporating a 1:1 facsimile of the building and its architectural features printed on it
- Notice varied and upheld4 August 2026337423082 Gloucester Terrace (Also Known As 37 Gloucester Mews), London, W2 3HH
- Dismissed31 July 2026· householder60105738 Wilfred Street, London, SW1E 6PL
the installation of guarding in association with use of roof as terrace
- Dismissed30 July 2026· other3375761Flat F, 104 St George's Square, London, SW1V 3QY
Rear extension over the outrigger to 4th floor flat
- Dismissed30 July 2026· minor3375654Flat F, 104 St George's Square, London, SW1V 3QY
rear extension over the outrigger to 4th floor flat
- Dismissed30 July 2026· householder6010643188 Peach Road, London, W10 4DY
Replacement front elevation windows in white wood grain effect uPVC sash style windows to match existing and matching traditional style front entrance door
- Dismissed29 July 20266010261Upper St Martin's Lane, Outside No. 6 - 9, London, WC2H 9EF
the proposed removal of an existing K6 telephone box, and the deployment of a replacement Street Hub 3 unit
- Dismissed29 July 2026· advert6010257Upper St Martin's Lane, Outside No. 6 - 9, London, WC2H 9EF
the proposed removal of an existing K6 telephone box, and the deployment of a replacement Street Hub 3 unit
- Dismissed23 July 2026· householder601017830 Artesian Road, London, W2 5DD
an extended terrace on the first floor
- Notice upheld22 July 2026· enforcement3364587Flat D, 214 Ashmore Road, , London, W9 3DD
The Installation of railings, timber support base & timber decking affixed to the sloping roof of the second floor rear closet wing
- Dismissed15 July 202660025381 Cavendish Square, London, W1G 0LA
the installation of three retractable fabric awnings on the Margaret Street façade
- Dismissed15 July 2026· other60025371 Cavendish Square, London, W1G 0LA
the installation of three retractable fabric awnings on the Margaret Street façade
- Dismissed7 July 2026· commercial337709710 Piccadilly, London, W1J 0DD
Display of 1:1 printed image of building and 3x externally illuminated advertising areas measuring 18m x 8m on Piccadilly, Piccadilly Circus 18.4m x 7.5m on Piccadilly Circus and 14.72m x 8m on Regent Street shroud for a temporary period of two years
- Dismissed7 July 2026· advert60078401C The Langham, Portland Place, London, W1B 1JA
installation of 12 x window canopies with signwriting and direct replacement of existing signwriting on entrance canopy at ground floor level
- Allowed7 July 2026· other60078391C The Langham, Portland Place, London, W1B 1JA
installation of 12 x window canopies with signwriting and direct replacement of existing signwriting on entrance canopy at ground floor level
- Dismissed1 July 2026· householder600214333 Hyde Park Gardens Mews, London, W2 2NX
retrospective application for replacement windows and garage door
- Dismissed1 July 2026600401465 Bayswater Road, London, W2 3PH
Replacement basement and ground floor windows on the east (Elms Mews) elevation and change in render profile
- Allowed29 June 2026· advert6002991Venture House (88-90 Regent Street & 27-29 Glasshouse Street), And 21 Glasshouse Street (84-86 Regent Street & 19-21 Glasshouse Street), London, W1B 5DF
display of two externally illuminated inset advertisement boards, each measuring 5.5m x 9.3m, to be integrated within the scaffold building wrap approved under application ref. 25/06861/ADV
- Dismissed24 June 2026· other3367596Warwick House, Stable Yard Road, London, SW1A 1BD
Refurbishment and alterations to the existing balcony on west elevation, installation of canopy to the balcony and associated works
- Dismissed24 June 2026· householder3367591Warwick House, Stable Yard Road, London, SW1A 1BD
Refurbishment and alterations to the existing balcony on west elevation, installation of canopy to the balcony and associated works
- Notice varied and upheld23 June 2026· enforcement3354192Basement And Ground Floor, 29 Strutton Ground, London, SW1P 2HY
Without the requisite planning permission and within the last 10 years, the material change of use of the Property to a Sui Generis use, comprising material elements of hot food takeaway and restaurant uses at ground floor level, and an industrial kitchen use at basement level, and works undertaken to facilitate this use, which include a) the installation of a replacement openable shopfront with customer hatch to take hot food takeaway orders, b) the subdivision of the ground floor into 3 separate food stalls; and c) the installation of a grille above the shopfront on the front elevation and the ducting connected to the grille behind the shopfront ("the Unauthorised Development")
- Allowed23 June 2026· commercial600816540-42 Chiltern Street, London, W1U 7QN
the erection of two wall mounted electric heaters, four wall lamps, non illuminated fascia signage and projecting sign
- Allowed23 June 202660071457 Paddington Street, Westminster, W1U 5QH
installation of 3 no. external heaters
- Allowed23 June 202660071447 Paddington Street, Westminster, W1U 5QH
installation of 3 no. external heaters
- Dismissed22 June 2026· minor337650293-99 Queensway, London, W2 4QG
2 storey roof extension; rear courtyard mews house; change of use from bank (Class E(c)(i)) to residential at first floor level to provide 8 new residential dwellings (Class C3), provision of terraces, cycle parking and landscaping, and all associated works
- Dismissed22 June 202660037197 Sale Place, London, W2 1PH
Change of use from C3 (single dwelling house) to C1 (hotel/boarding/guesthouse). Retrospective installation of two CCTV cameras and a downlighter at front ground floor level.
- Allowed18 June 20266007003Ground Floor Flat, 57 Fifth Avenue, London, W10 4DL
the erection of a ground floor side and rear extension to the flat of a terrace house
- Dismissed17 June 2026600496374A Pimlico Road, Flat 1, London, SW1W 8LS
Upgrading current windows in flat (many of which are broken and all are only single glazed), to new double or triple glazed. The same style and look of the current windows will be maintained. Ideally would like to switch to aluminium for improved security and longevity as it is ground floor flat. Front door also to be replaced (ground floor flat) to provide better security and insulation. The current door has been painted white, but we would like to be able to have flexibility on door colour (either black, cream, or a shade of blue)
- Dismissed11 June 2026600335287 Great Portland Street, Westminster, W1W 7LU
Use of the basement and ground floors as a retail shop, pet wellness and grooming with an overnight boarding facility (sui generis use)
- Dismissed8 June 2026· commercial3353282362 Harrow Road, London, W9 2HU
- Quashed On Legal Grounds8 June 2026· enforcement3348704362 Harrow Road, London, W9 2HU
display of three internally illuminated fascia signs, two measuring 78cm x 800cm and one measuring 160cm x 80cm. (Retrospective)
- Dismissed8 June 2026· advert600801650 Oxford Street, London, W1D 1BG
Non-illuminated vinyl graphics applied to the window area (Hanway Street side elevation) of ground floor retail premises
- Allowed5 June 2026· minor3376433Warwick House, Stable Yard, London, SW1A 1BD
Alteration to windows and doors, restoration of front porch, removal of chimneystack, extension on 4 th and 5th floors at roof level (change of pitch to consented 5th floor/ new mansard roof), and extension within lightwell, reinstatement of balustrading to terrace and planting bed and replacement of back stair and lift, replacement of roof finishes/introdu ction of insulation layer, omission of existing chimney, new external lighting, security equipment, and new air condensers
- Allowed1 June 2026· minor3375823Chelwood House, Gloucester Square, London, W2 2SY
the installation of 6 no. antennas fixed to tripods, 4 no. transmission dishes, 5 no. equipment cabinets, and ancillary development thereto including Remote Radio Units (RRUs) and Ericsson Radio Systems (ERSs) on the rooftop of Chelwood House
- Dismissed27 May 2026· other600541970 Eccleston Square, London, SW1V 1PJ
alterations to roof and loft area to create habitable floor level including additional bedroom and ancillary space
- Dismissed27 May 2026· householder600497870 Eccleston Square, Fourth Floor Flat, London, SW1V 1PJ
alterations to roof and loft area to create habitable floor level including additional bedroom and ancillary space
- Allowed26 May 2026· minor337465224-26 Spring Street , London, W2 1JA
Replacement shopfront. (Linked with 25/02999/ADV )
- Dismissed18 May 2026· other6002406Holden House, 54-68 Oxford Street & 51-58 Rathbone Place, London, W1T 1JU
described as ‘display of a temporary scaffold shroud (in place to correspond with the duration of the façade retention scheme being in situ) featuring an artistic façade treatment representing the retained elevations of Holden House, and incorporating a static, non -illuminated advertisement measuring 26.0m wide by 10.0m high (11.0m on Oxford Street, 11.1m on the chamfered corner, and 3.9m on Rathbone Place)
- Dismissed18 May 2026· commercial3376693Holden House, 54-68 Oxford Street & 51-58 Rathbone Place, London, W1T 1JU
described as ‘display of a temporary scaffold shroud (in place to correspond with the duration of the façade retention scheme being in situ) featuring an artistic façade treatment representing the retained elevations of Holden House, and incorporating a static, non -illuminated advertisement measuring 26.0m wide by 10.0m high (11.0m on Oxford Street, 11.1m on the chamfered corner, and 3.9m on Rathbone Place)’
- Dismissed14 May 2026· householder337395134 Craven Street, London, WC2N 5NP
Erection of an independent roof over an existing yard accessed off Hungerford Lane
- Allowed13 May 2026· householder3376026616 Harrow Road, London, W10 4NJ
construction of two dormer widows at the rear and extension of upper flat to 71 sq.m
- Dismissed12 May 2026· householder33762233 Leinster Mews, City of Westminster, London, W2 3EY
replacement of windows and creation of new roof terrace at third floor level
- Dismissed12 May 2026· other337415415 Upper Wimpole Street, London, W1G 6LS
- Dismissed12 May 2026· householder337415215 Upper Wimpole Street , London , W1G 6LR
Infilling of courtyard between the main house and mews house at basement and ground level, installation of glazed sloping roof at rear ground floor level, addition of a glazed openable roof over the central lightwell at ground floor level, excavation benea th basement to provide swimming pool, creation of terrace at rear ground floor level with area of planting, creation of new door to facilitate access to terrace at rear first floor level, installation of plant equipment in roof space and at basement level, alterations to the façade and associated internal and external alterations, all in connection with existing dwelling house
- Allowed11 May 2026· minor33744391A Bedford Street, London , WC2E 9HD
change of use of the basement unit and ground floor entrance from a betting shop (sui generis) to an Adult Gaming Centre (sui generis) with external alterations and associated works, without complying with a condition attached to planning permission Ref 20/07141/FULL dated 9 June 2021
- Allowed8 May 2026· minor33755572 Wellington Road, London, NW8 9SP
Retention of a larger rear dormer window as built, with casement window
- Dismissed7 May 2026· minor336604013-14 Randolph Road, Maida Vale, London, W9 1AN
the construction of single-storey basement, excavation of front lightwell to extend to the new basement level, associated internal alterations, installation of new mechanical plant equipment, and associated works
- Dismissed7 May 2026· other336603913-14 Randolph Road, Maida Vale, London, W9 1AN
Construction of single-storey basement, excavation of front lightwell to extend to the new basement level, associated internal alterations, installation of new mechanical plant equipment, and associated works
- Dismissed5 May 2026· minor600260814B Maida Avenue, London, W2 1SR
Conversion of the existing maisonette into two self-contained flats with all associated works
- Allowed5 May 2026· minor3376156102 Top Flat Shirland Road, London, City of Westminster, W9 2EQ
Installation of a rear dormer window and installation of two rooflights to the front roofslope
- Unknown1 May 2026· minor3376159Telephone Box Outside Channel Four Television, 124-126 Horseferry Road, London, SW1P 2TX
- Allowed1 May 2026· advert3376158Telephone Call Box Outside Channel 4 Offices, 124-126 Horseferry Road, London, SW1P 2TX
installation of an open access Communication Hub, following the removal of an existing communication apparatus
- Dismissed1 May 2026· minor337479963/64 Leinster Square, London, W2 4PS
- Unknown1 May 2026· other337479763/64 Leinster Square, London, W2 4PS
- Allowed23 April 2026· minor337503543-49 Harley Street, City Of Westminster, London, W1G 8BT
Repositioning of four air conditioning condenser units in the inner light -well and at the rear of the building at 43 Harley Street
- Allowed23 April 2026· other337503343-49 Harley Street, City Of Westminster, London, W1G 8BT
Repositioning of four air conditioning condenser units in the inner light -well and at the rear of the building at 43 Harley Street
- Allowed24 March 2026· commercial3372410Telephone Call Box O/S, 15-17 Long Acre, London, WC2E 9PE
the display of internally illuminated LCD screen in communication hub measuring 167cm x 93.5cm
- Notice upheld24 March 2026· enforcement336734428-32 St. Martin's Court, London, WC2N 4AL
installation of covered structure to enclose existing external seating area, with the installation of 5 no. vinyl signs applied to planters. Summary
- Dismissed24 March 2026· minor336463428-32 St. Martin's Court, London, WC2N 4AL
- Dismissed23 March 2026· other3374056Warwick House St. James's Palace, London, SW1A 1BD
‘installation of orangery at first floor level above the entrance hall on the east elevation, roof strengthening works and associated works’
- Dismissed23 March 2026· minor3374054Warwick House St. James's Palace, London, SW1A 1BD
‘installation of orangery at first floor level above the entrance hall on the east elevation, roof strengthening works and associated works’
- Dismissed12 March 2026· minor337499842 - 44 George Street, City of Westminster, London, W1U 7ES
modifications to the front ground floor windows and main entrance door, including the installation of an external access ramp
- Allowed9 March 2026· minor336934595 Ebury Street, London, City of Westminster, SW1W 9QU
the amalgamation of basement with upper floors to create a single family dwelling, external alterations including replacement of rear ground floor conservatory with larger conservatory, replacement stairs to front lightwell, replacement of windows, and construction of outdoor pool and associated landscape scheme, and installation of mechanical services
- Dismissed6 March 2026· minor3372614Penthouse , 95 Eaton Square, London, SW1W 9AQ
described as ‘LBC to accompany a Section 73 Application (Minor Material Amendment) - ref: PP-13968271 to approved Planning and Listed Building Applications 24/06846/FULL and 24/06847/LBC. The application proposes minor alterations to the approved fenestration of the front elevation, specifically: 1. The fenestration for each former Flat T bay revised to include three pairs of double sliding doors. 2. The omission of the consented intermediate nib walls fronting the approved sliding doors of the former Flat U bays.’
- Dismissed6 March 2026· other3372609Penthouse 95 Eaton Square, London, SW1W 9AQ
described as ‘LBC to accompany a Section 73 Application (Minor Material Amendment) - ref: PP-13968271 to approved Planning and Listed Building Applications 24/06846/FULL and 24/06847/LBC. The application proposes minor alterations to the approved fenestration of the front elevation, specifically: 1. The fenestration for each former Flat T bay revised to include three pairs of double sliding doors. 2. The omission of the consented intermediate nib walls fronting the approved sliding doors of the former Flat U bays.’
- Dismissed27 February 2026· other337139818 Loudoun Road, London, NW8 0LT
Alterations to front boundary walls & front garden, replacement fencing & gate to side of principal elevation, replacement glazed doorsets & insertion of skylights into south facing roof slope of single storey rear outrigger. (Linked to 23/08882/LBC)
- Dismissed27 February 2026· minor337139718 Loudoun Road, London, NW8 0LT
- Notice varied and upheld19 February 2026· enforcement3357914Ground and Basement Floor, 101 Westbourne Grove, London, W2 4UW
Without the requisite planning permission and within the last 4 years, the installation of three air conditioning units at rear ground floor level of the Property
- Notice upheld19 February 2026· enforcement3357871Basement and Ground Floor, 101 Westbourne Grove, London, W2 4UW
- Notice varied and upheld19 February 2026· enforcement3357866Basement and Ground Floor, 101 Westbourne Grove, London, W2 4UW
without the requisite planning permission and within the last 4 years, the installation of raised timber decking with timber supports at rear ground floor level on the flat roof of the basement storey of the Property
- Dismissed18 February 2026· commercial3372805Telephone Call Box O/S, 25 Marylebone Road, London, NW1 5JR
The advertisement is integrated into the Communication Hub unit and comprises an LCD portrait screen that will be used to show illuminated content that is remotely changed via a secure ISDN line to the communication device
- Dismissed17 February 2026· minor337484555 Belgrave Gardens, Westminster, London, NW8 0RE
demolition of existing family dwelling and construction of new 3 storey dwelling + basement
- Allowed17 February 2026· minor3365431Payphone Outside 44 Baker Street, London, W1M 1DH
Installation of an open access communication Hub, including the removal of an existing communication apparatus
- Dismissed13 February 2026· commercial3374109Embassy Of Brazil, 14-16 Cockspur Street, London, SW1Y 5BL
printed vinyl scaffold shroud with 1:1 scale depiction of building elevation and 3x inset advertisement measuring 5.5m x 5.5m
- Allowed13 February 2026· minor3372624110 Wigmore Street, London, W1U 3RW
use of the highway forecourt for the placement of 10 x tables, 12 x chairs, 4 x benches and 2 x freestanding planters in an area measuring 14m x 1.2m in connection with the adjacent restaurant
- Allowed13 February 2026· minor336443316 Bloomfield Terrace, London, SW1W 8PG
The relocation of 4 No. air source heat pump units (ASHP), installed within the roof area of 16 Bloomfield Terrace
- Dismissed11 February 2026· minor33642689 Nugent Terrace, London, NW8 9QB
retention of ground floor unit as Class E, creation of 1x 1bed unit at first floor and 1x 2bed across second and third floor (Use Class C3), demolition of rear extensions and erection of single storey extension at rear ground with enlarged lightwell and extension at first floor level; and associated works without complying with a condition attached to planning permission Ref 24/08519/FUL, dated 31 January 2025
- Dismissed9 February 2026· commercial33728115, South Molton Street, London, W1K 5RF
6 x 7m(h) x 2.4m(d) Cone Tree with Star
- Allowed9 February 2026· minor3372715Flat 9, 112 Gloucester Terrace, London, W2 6HP
the replacement of the two existing front windows on the third floor with timber-framed double-glazed casement windows
- Unknown23 January 2026· other33631941 Cornwall Terrace, London, NW1 4QP
- Dismissed23 January 2026· minor33631891 Cornwall Terrace, London, NW1 4QP
- Allowed21 January 2026· other3372962Flat 9, 112 Gloucester Terrace, London, W2 6HP
- Allowed21 January 2026· commercial3364904Payphone Outside Lancaster Gate Station, Bayswater Road, London , W2 3JH
display of two internally illuminated LCD screens measuring 1065mm x 1895mm and 392mm x 698mm
- Dismissed19 January 2026· major3374135Craven House, 34 Fouberts Place and 25 to 32 Marshall Street, London, W1F 7ES
Refurbishment, alteration, and extension of the existing office building at 34 Foubert’s Place and 25-32 Marshall Street, including internal reconfiguration and external alteration, sustainable design enhancements, and rooftop extension following the demolition of the existing mansard. Change of use of part of ground floor and basement to Retail/F&B (Class E). The proposals also deliver landscaped terraces, improved accessibility including the creation of level access, the delivery of cycle parking and end-of-trip facilities alongside all ancillary and related works
- Allowed15 January 2026· commercial3370579Haymarket House, 28-29 Haymarket , London, SW1Y 4RX
2 externally illuminated static banner advertisements, set within a replica 1:1 scaffold shroud of the existing façades measuring 19m x 7m (landscape) fixed to the Haymarket elevation and 24.7m x 4.6m (landscape) fixed to the Coventry Street elevation, all located above fascia level
- Notice upheld14 January 2026· enforcement337010752 Queensway, London, W2 3RY
Without the requisite planning permission and within the last 4 years, the erection of a first and second floor rear extension, (“the Unauthorised Works”), shown outlined by yellow lines on Photograph A”
Contains public sector information licensed under the Open Government Licence v3.0. Decisions without a recorded authority may be missing. Research, not advice: verify against the Inspectorate’s own record before relying on a decision. What is in the record.
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